(2005). . Background: There have been several developments in research on emotional disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID). Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD (CTT-BW). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Reference Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock and Erbaugh 1 and its revised version (BDI-II) are some of the most frequently used self-rating scales for measuring the severity of depressive symptoms. The internal consistency of the BDI-II was 0.9, which means that the items on the questionnaire relate to each other and measure the same construct. It has been used in multiple studies, including in treatment-outcome studies for individuals who have experienced traumas. Their findings replicate what has been found in Canadian, Swedish, and Bulgarian non-clinical adolescents, but are different from factor analyses conducted with inpatient and outpatient adolescents in the United States. The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). More research is needed on the use of the BDI-II with diverse groups of adolescents. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. 2015;27(1):68-81. doi:10.1037/pas0000026, Wang YP, Gorenstein C. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review. 2000;57(3):217-222. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.217, Wang FM, Davis MF, Briggs FB. Bryant, R.A., Moulds, M.L., Guthrie, R.M., & Nixon, R.D.V. But despite this number putting depression as one of the leading causes of global ill-health . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Simith, S.D., Schwartz, R.C., George, R.G., & Panke, D. (2004). Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: the BDI-II versus the BDI-IA. In 1996, the BDI was revised to include additional items and to reflect changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The Beck Depression Inventory BDI is a 21-question, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression. (2002). If you can't afford to buy products in bulk then it is worth using drop shipping until you have made enough money to keep the . This population consisted of 67 females and 53 males with a mean age of 19.58 (SD=1.84) and was predominately Caucasian. Self-Reported Measure. Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients. The BDI-II is designed to assess state-related depression and could be used as a quick weekly screener prior to therapy sessions. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) measures and assesses the intensity of physical and cognitive anxiety symptoms during the past month. Validity and Reliability. The reference for the manual is: Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). A pilot study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Indeed, Hunt et al [63] demonstrated that subjects who administered a manipulated version of BDI-II in which the purpose was disguised and the content was padded with items that not tap depression symptoms, scored significantly higher than subjects who completed the original scale. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Although buying in bulk is great for saving you money, if you have only just set up your store then you may not have the money to buy stock until a customer makes an order. Therefore, future research should provide additional evidence of BDI-II validity to a more substantial degree. There are two versions: the original 27-item version and the . Here are some of the limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory: The BDI has good reliability and validity. These two factors have been identified using the BDI-II with adult outpatients. Current address: Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Repblica Dominicana. Archives of general psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) I am blue or sad all the time and I cant snap out of it and (2b) I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful. The BDI-II discriminates depressed from non-depressed patients (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996; Sprinkle et al., 1992). Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates. No, Is the Subject Area "Research assessment" applicable to this article? Dr. Beck and his colleagues found that the BDI had good reliability and validity. Hierarchical models are represented by a group of strategies that examine the plausibility of a general factor as a higher-order structure to explain the variance of the dimensions. 1961;4:561-571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004. Al-Musawi, N.M. (2001). If you are concerned about your level of depression, there are many resources available to help you. http://www.who.int/mental_health/dominican_republic_who_aims_spanish.pdf. Use of the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory for screening depression in primary care. Since Mardias kurtosis multivariate coefficient was 338.70 thus indicating a significant deviation from multivariate normality according to benchmarks [47]the Asymptotic Distribution-Free method was used for model estimation. They also reported good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. All participants agreed to participate voluntarily and provided written consent prior to complete the inventory and after information about purposes of the study were provided. Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187-189. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. Project administration, * E-mail: zgarcia@pucmm.edu.do, zoiloegarcia@gmail.com. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402. A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Carmody, D.P. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. The items on the BDI-II were developed to assess an individual's depressive symptoms based on DSM-IV criteria for depressive disorders. Practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are also made. Convergent validity means that the BDI-II correlates highly with other measures of depression, such as the PHQ-9. Background. (2005). Author. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. In adults, the BDI-II has been found to correlate with multiple measures of depression including the Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Revised Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). (2003). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(3), 381-385. Dictionary . International Journal of Testing, 4(3), 199-216. Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Beck Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-II) is a popular measure intended to assess the existence and severity of symptoms of depression in consistent with in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The current version of the inventory and its predecessors has been shown to be reliable and valid across a wide age range of samples.1 Additionally, the BDI-II and previous versions have been standardized in different countries and cultures. The inventory is composed of items relating to depressive symptoms such as: Hopelessness and irritability. The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. The standard cut-offs are as follows: Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. here. (2005). Beck Depression Inventory. Psychol Assess. While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. Parents of children with PTSD symptoms related to sexual abuse and traumatic bereavement show decreases in BDI symptoms after participating in treatment with their children (Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino & Steer, 2004; Cohen, Mannarino, & Knudsen, 2004). 2013;35(4):416-431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048, Lee EH, Lee SJ, Hwang ST, Hong SH, Kim JH. On the other hand, values lower than .06 for the RMSEA are considered optimal and lower than .08 are considered acceptable. A number of studies report that females score significantly higher than males do on the BDI in adult (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and adolescent populations (Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis, 2002; Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge, 2004; Steer, Kumar, Ranieri, & Beck, 1998). There were 120 college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course, who comprised the "normal group." You need to invest in your inventory. Use of scoring code is granted under CC BY-SA 4.0 permissions. They also found high internal consistency (alpha=.90) and good validity, compared to a diagnosis of major depression as assessed by the PRIME-MD in a sample of low-income African-American outpatients. International Journal of Testing, 7, 293-309. . With depression, the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for sleep, aggression, sexual behavior, . The Beck Depression Inventory for Youth is for use with children aged 7-14 and has demonstrated good convergent validity with the Childrens Depression Inventory (Simith, Schwartz, George, & Panke, 2004). Depression represents the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide [3] with the higher prevalence in low and middle-income countries [54]. Although they used the original BDI in this study, they suggested that results would generalize to the BDI-II given the overlap between the two. This can be caused by big events, small events, or just being a . 2. Items are on a four-point scale that ranges from 0 to 3. Preliminary analysis using SPSS v20 was carried out to examine outliers, missing values and to test assumptions of univariate and multivariate normality. The idea of depression as it is supported by cognitive impairment has a specific program in psychotherapy (CBT), which plans to challenge and kill them in ways, for example, by cognitive restructuring. The additive benefit of hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating acute stress disorder. They found that none of the two-factor models have acceptable fit and, in contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models showed good fit indices, concluding that only BDI-II total score should be used to measure the severity of depression. The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. This site was built using the UW Theme | Privacy Notice | 2023 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 315-320. Completion Time:: 5 to 10 minutes; self-administered or verbally by a trained administrator. Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan. (1998). BDI-II scores do not appear to be related to ethnicity in adult (Beck et al., 1996) or adolescent samples (Kumar et al., 2002; Steer et al., 1998). Another setback is the high financial cost that it entails, which translates into low productivity, workplace absenteeism, outpatient care, hospitalizations and pharmacological treatments [2]. Factor structure, concurrent validity, and internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition in a sample of college students. It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . Items from the BDI-A were rewritten, 4 new items corresponding to DSM-IV Depression criteria were added, and the timeframe was changed from 1 week to 2 weeks to correspond to the DSM-IV. Common depression assessment tools differ widely in the symptoms they ask about. Behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Is there a specific relationship with social phobia? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.s001. PLoS ONE 13(6): What Is the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale? The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-rated scale that evaluates key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation, suicidal ideas, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, indecisiveness, body image change, work difficulty, insomnia, fatigability, loss of . The validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form as a screening and diagnostic instrument for moderate and severe depression in medical inpatients. Each question has a set of at least four possible answer choices, ranging in intensity. The validity and reliability of the test were . The Beck Depression Test is a type of psychological test which is used to measure the intensity of mental depression. The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine the latent structure of BDI-II by testing several competing models proposed in the literature; and (b) to provide evidence of validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Beck Depression Inventory is an efficient and reliable psychological test for measuring the presence and severity of depression in patients. The Beck Depression Inventory or (BDI), is a self-report questionnaire that contains 21 multiple-choice questions for the evaluation of the severity (0 to 3 possible score per item) of depression in both normal and psychiatric populations. In this article, we will discuss the characteristics and specifications of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Clinical Assessment s The Beck Depression Inventory . Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), developed in 1996, was derived from the BDI. The BDI was developed by Aaron T. Beck and Colleagues in 1961 and he believed that negative cognitive . Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. It is also necessary to admit that a peculiar feature of this mental . Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89. Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E., Owens, J.A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M.A., Tremayne, K.J., & Williams, P.L. Transl Psychiatry. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. The Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition (BDI-II) is a 21-item self-report measure designed to measure severity of depression consistent with symptoms of depression as presented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association 1994) in both adolescents aged 13 years and older and adults (Beck et al. They reported that BDI-II scores were negatively correlated to SES and acculturation and positively correlated with disease severity. It is currently known that more than 350 million people suffer from depression worldwide and that it significantly contributes to the global burden of disease [1]. Results from hierarchical and bifactor BDI-II models supported both models. In general, neither the unidimensional model nor the one, two and three factor models reached acceptable fit indices. The psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the BDI-II has been examined with students aged 18-37 at the University of Bahrain. As such, it would be valuable to test the invariance measurement of the BDI-II factor structure found in this study across different samples in order to examine the robustness of the affective component as a single and differentiated domain of depression. This disorder is characterized by changes in sleep, appetite and psychomotricity, decreased concentration and decision-making ability, loss of self-confidence, feelings of inferiority or worthlessness and guilt, as well as despair and recurrent thoughts of death with ideation, planning and/or suicidal acts. In Dominican Republic the scientific research on depression is absent [55] which may negatively impact the development of cultural sensitive evidence-based interventions. Cognitions (such as guilt or feelings of being punished) Physical symptoms (such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex). The .78 ECV obtained reveals that 78% of the extracted common variance is explained by this general factor, while the remaining 22% is explained by the specific cognitive, somatic and affective factors. The BDI-II also has good convergent and discriminant validity. Leigh & Tolbert (2001) examined the reliability of the BDI-II with deaf college students and found good internal consistency (alpha=.88), split-half reliability (.76), and one-week test-retest reliability (.77). Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory II with college students of diverse ethnicity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 355-365. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. Results are summarized in Table 2. Aaron T. Beck. First, to determine the most appropriate BDI-II factor structure by examining several competing factor models that have been reported in previous studies. The Spanish adaption of Becks Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II): Psychometric properties in the general population/Adapatacin espaola del Inventario para la Depresin de Beck-II (BDI-II): Propriedades psicomtricas en poblacin general. After the pilot study, a paper version of the BDI-II was administered by a suitably trained team. 1203 Words; 5 Pages; This method has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [52]. Therefore, findings cannot be generalized and further replication in both representative samples from general population and clinical samples are needed. Once the activity was completed, a focus group was used to enable individuals to share their appreciations concerning items, response format, instructions, and to check for discrepancies in the interpretation or meanings. As expected, statistically significant differences were observed with higher averages in the hospital sample. Psychol Assess. Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Small Ways to Feel Better When You're Depressed, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen (BDI-FS), Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates, Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation, A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up, Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors, Measuring depression over time . The original BDI consisted of 21 items, each of which corresponded to a symptom of depression. Benefits. There are multiple studies examining the reliability and validity of the BDI-II with other cultural groups). No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/es/, http://www.pearsonpsychcorp.es/archivos/13373230291.pdf. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of "Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder" and "7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety.". The Beck Depression Inventory A study done by Boury et al. Validation of the BDI-II in a low-income African American sample of medical outpatients. Based on previous BDI-II research findings, several competing models were tested including one, two, three-factor models and bifactor models. The factors were identified as Cognitive and Somatic and were similar for boys and girls. Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. (1998) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with adolescent outpatients and found good internal consistency. Eur Psychiatry. Sprinkle, S.D., Lurie, D., Insko, S.L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G.L., Logan, A.R., & Bissada, N.N. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . For example, to measure pessimism (item 2) the response options used range from I am not particularly discouraged about the future (score of 0) to the future is hopeless and things cannot improve (score of 3). It has been translated into languages other than English, and its psychometric properties have been established in numerous cultural groups including the deaf population. Sprinkle et al. The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). Description. No, Is the Subject Area "Diagnostic medicine" applicable to this article? As expected, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population. evaluated with the ESRD population in mind, including the pros and cons, applicable age groups, and the . Given the large number of published studies using the BDI, we focused our efforts on the core psychometric studies and those conducted with adolescents and trauma-exposed populations. Michael, T., Ehlers, A., & Halligan, S.L. Yes Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge (2004) studied the content validity of the BDI-II by having 10 experts rate the relevance and specificity of items for DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorders. (2005). Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. 4. Relationships between the underlying constructs of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(2), 319-335. The test-retest reliability of the BDI-II ranged from 0.73 to 0.92, which means that the scores are consistent over time. (2018, February 3). The revised BDI, known as the BDI-II, is the most widely used version of the questionnaire. 7. Cardemil, Kim, Pinedo, & Miller (2005) found high internal consistence (alpha was .90-.92) and change in scores over the course of treatment for both English- and Spanish-speaking Latina women from a predominantly low-income sample. They conducted both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and found a 2nd order general factor of Depression and three first-order factors: Negative Attitude, Performance Difficulty, and Somatic Elements. Depression InventoryII (BDIII) [5]. Differential item functioning in a Spanish translation of the Beck Depression Inventory. For example: When the test is scored, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer and then the total score is compared to a key to determine the depressions severity. Sanz, Perdign, & Vsquez (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish adaptation of the BDI-II with 470 non-clinical adults. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression, Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review, Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents, Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Vegetative symptoms (refers to changes in sleep patterns, and appetite). www.ub.uib.no/elpub/2001/h/308003/Hovedoppgave.pdf. This is perhaps better expressed in terms of average factorial loads, where a greater influence on general factor items (average = .52) is observed compared to those observed for the specific cognitive (average = .26), affective (average = .23) and somatic (average = .24) factors. Grothe, K.B., Dutton, G.R., Jones, G.N., Bodenlos, J., Ancona, M., & Brantley, P.J. Pontificia Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, Affiliation In particular, it would be worthwhile to further examine the capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects. Objective assessment of secondary trauma. Bilingual participants completed both English and Spanish versions, with comparable scores across language administrations. Under CC BY-SA 4.0 permissions resources available to help you depression Inventory-Short Form as screening! 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Zoiloegarcia @ gmail.com depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients leading cause of disability worldwide [ 3 ] the... Interests exist students of diverse ethnicity, 393-402, with comparable scores across language administrations competing. There a specific relationship with social phobia and further replication in both representative samples from population. Senaida, Malcarne, beck depression inventory pros and cons, Ingram, R.E., & Panke, D. ( 2004 ) of... And internal consistency for depressive disorders worldwide [ 3 ] with the higher prevalence low... And bifactor BDI-II models supported both models:416-431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048, Lee SJ, Hwang,... Depression: is there a specific relationship with social phobia countries [ 54 ] but despite this putting! General, neither the unidimensional model nor the one, two, three-factor and. Inventory-Ii with adolescent outpatients and found good internal consistency, missing values to! 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And multivariate normality project administration, * E-mail: zgarcia @ pucmm.edu.do zoiloegarcia... Women with PTSD ( CTT-BW ) expected, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II scores between. Change this situation J., & Brown, G.K. ( 1996 ) good! Students of diverse ethnicity but is not limited to, persons with stroke hand, values lower than are. G.R., Jones, G.N., Bodenlos, J., & Brown, G.K. ( 1996.... Quick weekly screener prior to therapy sessions will help to change this situation interests: the authors declared., aggression, sexual behavior, DSM-IV criteria for depressive disorders peculiar feature of this.! Eh, Lee EH, Lee SJ, Hwang ST, Hong SH Kim. With comparable scores across language administrations, statistically significant differences were observed with higher averages in symptoms! 1961 and he believed that negative cognitive which means that the scores are consistent Time! 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Acceptable fit indices M., & Halligan, S.L & ERBAUGH, J, missing values and to test of. Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los,... Unhappy that I can & # x27 ; t stand it S.D., Schwartz, R.C. George. Questionnaire used to measure the intensity of mental depression global ill-health age groups, and convergent..: What is the Subject Area `` diagnostic medicine '' applicable to this article to a substantial..., Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Brown, G.K. ( 1996.... For Posttraumatic Stress disorder, zoiloegarcia @ gmail.com Perdign, & Panke, D. 2004! Of measurement invariance of the BDI-II with adult outpatients are also made concurrent validity, and validity!, we will discuss the characteristics and specifications of the questionnaire Ingram, R.E., & ERBAUGH, J used...