Increased numbers of fish in the sanctuary areas benefit local fishermen who catch more fish in the surrounding areas, and have fueled a profitable tourism industry. The child here is unidentified except that he is beind held for sale as a slave. Because of offshore islands, better landing places, and wetter climate, Arab traders from about 700 seem to have preferred the East African coast to the south of modern Somalia. Local communities need the ability to protect their resources against illegal activities. A green turtle that was accidentally caught in fishing gear is about to be returned to the wild by WWF staff. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. Not a lot is known about the species, but they occur in deep water reefs and is vulnerable to overfishing. Updates? By 2050, there could be more plastic than fish in the seas by weight, according to one estimate. 10. Threatened by illegal fishing, agricultural pollution and surrounding forest degradation, WWF worked to protect this area for future generations. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. It imported large quantities of Islamic pottery and, in the 9th and 10th centuries, Chinese porcelain. Mozambique, Tanzania and Kenya are not only sources of ivory, but also major conduits for illegal wildlife trade. 1: The Swahili Coast of East Africa | From 1000 to 1500 CE, numerous Swahili states emerged along this 1,000 mile stretch from Mogadishu in the north (present-day Somalia) to Sofala in the south (present-day Mozambique). Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. 1969. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. People here depend on the regions natural resourcesclean freshwater, healthy forests and mangroves, and abundant fish and wildlife. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. These city-states built connections to the rest of the world while maintaining cultural, political, and economic connections with each other. Some fishing practices are causing unacceptable amounts of bycatchthreatening shark, marine turtles and seabird populations. Ranger in Udzungwe National Park, Tanzania. HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: We're the Africa Geographic editorial team a diverse set of writers, editors, designers and social media natives, all united by our passion for this addictive continent. In and around Quirimbas National Park in northern Mozambique, we have worked with farmers to minimize physical confrontation with elephants, protect crop fields and save lives. Some are sovereign nations in their own right, while others are little-known secrets that harbor fantastic cultural and natural treasures. [67] Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa. Joint operations have also improved the collaboration among different law enforcement institutions. I was swimming slowly after it, blacking out the background to highlight its vivid colours. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? The visible mantle tissue is responsible for its colourful appearance, and it harbours large populations of single-celled photosynthetic algae or zooxanthellae. ~ Peet J. van Eeden. So vast that it's not known as the 'East Coast', the way the West Coast is known as the 'West Coast' - probably because the Eastern Cape makes up such a large portion of it, leading to confusion. The ethnic fabric in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda is much more fragmented, with many smaller peoples intermingled or occupying discrete territories. The Western Hemisphere includes about half of Antarctica and all of North and South America which includes the Caribbean and Central America as well as Greenland. Chami, Felix A. Coverage of the regions physical and human geography can be found in the article Africa. [37][38][39], In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 CT scans, of a virtual skull shape of the last common human ancestor to modern humans/H. A team of researchers . This, coupled with similar climatic and ecological conditions in most of the surrounding coastal lands, has . East African Islands Type: territory Description: Islands in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. Between 2500 and 3000 years ago, Bantu-speaking peoples began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland around southern Cameroon. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. The second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa roam across this region in search of food and freshwater. This is usually attributed to the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and the Brazilian Nordeste. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. [citation needed] As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors. The amount of water being transported by the Agulhas . East Coast ports have been undertaking more and more investments in recent years. Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania. WWF works to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and wildlife, collaborating with partners from local to global levels in nearly 100 countries. This ocean stretches around the world at southern latitudes, where it circumnavigates Antarctica. This region already suffers from unpredictable rainfall and frequent drought, along with intense rains and flooding. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate (Italian Somaliland). We measure sea temperature daily in 73 countries or regions, including: Azores, South Africa, England, Angola, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Benin, Bermuda and Brazil . They are solitary and derive their name from the beautiful colour and spots. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. The Indian Ocean trade was conducted through the barter system but later coins were used as a medium of exchange. This warm current is also pushed westward by the cold Canary current. Chami, F. A. It spans 11,430 square miles (Mozambiques portion is 2,470 square miles), is the eighth largest fresh water lake in the world and second deepest in Africa. Its a beautiful part of the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life. This answer is: WWF works with local communities, governments and industry to create awareness and appreciation for the connection between nature and people. My modest aim in this paper is to turn a similar spotlight on the East African coast, to re-examine the little-known set of oral histories that includes those . Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. Whales, dolphins, dugongs and whale sharks inhabit these Indian Ocean waters. Along the coasts, you can find dugongs, whale sharks, dolphins, whales, and five species of marine turtles. The Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique. [45] The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. [22] Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400mm (16in) at Mogadishu and 1,200mm (47in) at Mombasa on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130mm (5in) at Garoowe to over 1,100mm (43in) at Moshi near Kilimanjaro. The region also comprises the countries of Somalia, Djibouti, and Eritrea, which are . This is . Turn-of-the-century maritime photographs, dhows off the east African coast Monsoon Dhows Sailors have harnessed the Indian Ocean's monsoon winds for at least two millennia. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. [48] The Bantu expansion was a long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas. Wildlife crime networks are using more sophisticated weapons and techniques to obtain ivory, such as automatic rifles and helicopters. Scientific consensus states the region of East Africa is where anatomically modern humans first evolved circa 200,000 years ago before migrating northwards and eastwards out of Africa. WWF helped Mozambique establish the Quirimbas marine reserve in 2002. From the 1840s, cameras traced the international migrations of traders, sailors, sons, and daughters through Indian Ocean ports, continuing trade that dates back over five millennia. When we think "Africa," we think of the "Big Five"lions, elephants, leopards, buffalo and rhinosthat crisscross the African Savannah. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. [74] In Ethiopia, there is an estimated population of 102million as of 2016.[75]. Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent city-states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. Blue sharks have the largest distribution range around the globe, and are unfortunately the shark species targeted the most by fishermen for their fins. ~ Geo Cloete, ? East African coastal cities participated in a larger Afro-Asian trade network a thousand years before Vasco Da Gama peeked around the Cape of Good Hope to find the way to sail to India. For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see, Somaliland is not included in the United Nations geoscheme, as it is internationally. A close up of a giant sea clam in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), Giant sea clams typically occur on the east coast of Africa in clear water of less than 10 metres. At other places on his way, such as the island of Angediva, near Goa, and Cannanore, the Portuguese built forts, and adopted measures to secure the Portuguese supremacy. Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent state of Tanganyika formed the United Republic of Tanzania by creating a union between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. Here are the possible solutions for "Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean" clue. Climate change is expected to intensify these and other problems. The east African island map will guide you through Madagascar which is situated off the coast of Mozambique. The only island that is mentioned is Qanbalu, which appears to have been what is now Tanzanias Pemba Island. Author: George McCall Theal Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain With millions of humans also sharing the land, frequent encounters occur and often lead to conflict. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:[1]. collapse afer a 1500 year reign over the Southern Nile valley as a result of the migrating Noba, The immigration and Conquest of the Noba would culturally reshape the Sudanese nile valley and lead to the transition of the region into the 3 Nubian speaking Christian kingdoms afterwards, Makuria, Alodia (Also known as Alwa) and Nobatia as result of the Noba who likley spoke proto nubian.[43]. We assist local communities in securing management rights to their local wildlife and fisheries. Further information in the sections of Architecture of Africa: Further information in the sections of History of science and technology in Africa: Since the end of colonialism, several East African countries were riven with military coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. Nearly all of them rely directly on its marine resources for their livelihoods. 352-55), which traded East African products to India, the Far East, and the West. It spans two oceans as it winds its way down the Atlantic seaboard in the west and up into the warmer Indian Ocean waters to the east. Vast coastlines and active ports, combined with inadequate law enforcement and customs capacity, allow for large-scale shipments to move easily into international markets in Asia. 1250 24th Street, N.W. This has led to major pollution and overfishing. The East Coast of South Africa is vast. [50], On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African Swahili City States. Discounts at Africas best lodges and on our hand-made packages subscribers only, STORIES & DISCUSSIONS The inhabitants, whose main local currency was cowrie shells, traded with the peoples of the Persian Gulf and, by the early 11th century, had first come under Muslim influence. [40][41], The migration route of the "Out of Africa" theory probably occurred in East Africa however through Bab el Mandeb. Logging also opens up previously inaccessible forests to poachers and illegal wildlife traders. The first identifiable building sites are dated from this time, and, according to Arab geographers, the East African coast was then generally thought of as being divided into four: (1) Berber (Amazigh) lands, which ran down the Somalian coast to the Shabeelle River, (2) Zanj proper, (3) the land of Sofala in present-day Mozambique, whence gold was beginning to be shipped by about the 10th century, and (4) a vaguely described land of Waq waq, beyond. Local merchants gathered ivory from the south, gold from the western interior and frankincense and myrrh from northern Africa. Lake Niassa is an important source of freshwater, home to over 1000 fish species and critical to the livelihoods of the people of Mozambique. Several countries border the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. . Though the majority of its houses were of wattle and daub, there were also some of stone. Portuguese trading stations in East Africa and the Slave trade. The water temperature right now is at least 32F and at most 85F. [29], According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there. Fast as they are, I doubt this shark was quick enough to outrun the storm. ~ Adam Mitchell, ? A new period opened, it seems, in the 9th century. Eastern Africa region The Nairobi Convention A: Overview The Western Indian Ocean region is characterised by high biodiversity, both in terms of species and ecosystems, with a young and growing human population, especially in coastal urban centres. WWFs goal is to have over 31 million acres of land in Tanzania managed in this way, which will help wildlife migration outside of protected areas. The southern part of East Africa was occupied until recent times by Khoisan hunter-gatherers, whereas in the Ethiopian Highlands the donkey and such crop plants as teff allowed the beginning of agriculture around 7,000 BCE. Chili bombs, a mixture of dried elephant dung and hot chili, are placed in crop fields to keep elephants away because they do not like the smell of chili. Gujarati traders were already criss-crossing the ocean for biashara with the Swahili Coast of Eastern Africa. Nilotic languages, such as Luo, Kalenjin, Maasai and Nuer, are spoken in lesser numbers, primarily in the African Great Lakes and Nile Valley. The different types of mangroves that were planted can withstand longer periods of flooding. Fig. Only with more knowledge can we hope to make informed decisions. Ships sailed from there to western India to bring back cotton cloth, grain, oil, sugar, and ghee, while others moved down the Red Sea to the East African coast bringing cloaks, tunics, copper, and tin. Omissions? Most of the smaller islands are independent nations, or associated with France, and known as luxury beach resorts . . Africa is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Red Sea to the northeast, Indian Ocean to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Most of the peoples of Eritrea and Ethiopiaand some of those in Tanzania and Kenyaspeak languages belonging to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Research has shown that most of the monster storms that hit the US and Canada start out as a distinct weather pattern in the atmosphere over western Africa, specifically a spot off the coast of the African Cape Verde islands.. It's more than 41 million square miles, the second . The Horn of Africa, a major peninsular extension of the African mainland into the Arabian Sea, contains the vast lowland coastal plains of Somalia. The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century, to 1.6billion as of 2100 (UN estimates as of 2017). The largest ethnic groups in eastern Africa are the Oromo, Cushitic speakers who occupy much of southern Ethiopia, and the related Somali, who occupy all of Somalia, southeastern Ethiopia, and much of Djibouti. The rare and protected tiger rockcod at Rocktail Bay, iSimangaliso Marine Park, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), The tiger rock cod is a rare saltwater fish species. We collaborate with authorities on a comprehensive investigation of illegal practices in an effort to create new policies and standards that mandate sustainable forest management and trade. It is lined with coral reefs, majestic islands, and, under the surface, animals bigger than any of the "Big Five", and none of them are in game parks! For discussion of the physical and human geography of individual countries in the region and of their late colonial and postcolonial history, see Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. But also because there are so many different tourist coasts along its length. All of the states produced pottery. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the Ottoman Turks, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly. Precipitation also is affected by varying elevation: Uganda, Tanzania, and western Kenya receive plentiful rainfall, while Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya receive far less. This benefits local people who rely on the forest for their livelihoods and frees up resources for the governments to improve local education and health infrastructure. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the Buganda[65] and Karagwe[65] kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (20 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. But there is: underwater. 2002. The health of stocks is wavering, particularly for tunas such as yellowfin and bigeye. Lamu is one of the oldest Swahili settlements in East Africa. 100 km wide), swift (up to 3 m/s) and deep (2 km). Moreover, at Zanzibar an extant Kfic inscription (the only one) recording the construction of a mosque by Sheikh al-Sayyid Ab Imrn Ms ibn al-asan ibn Muammad in 1107 confirms that by this time substantial Muslim settlements had been established. This article covers the history of the area from ancient times through the 20th century. They exported ivory (some of it went as far as China) and also tortoiseshell, ambergris, and leopard skins. Rainfall in East Africa is characterised by two main rainfall seasons, the long rains from MarchMay and the short rains from October- December. The visibility was less than five metres, and it was a disappointing dive. 12. (2009 est.) A blacktip shark cruises the lagoon as a storm approaches in Aldabra atoll, Seychelles Adam Mitchell (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), TheAldabra atollhas one of the highest shark densities of anywhere in the western Indian Ocean. In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the First ItaloEthiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance. (UK) +44 (23) 9387-7464 Shadows in the water at the Aliwal Shoal, South Africa Christophe Lapeze (Photographer of the Year 2017 Entrant), ? Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. The Gulf Stream is a powerful western boundary current in the North Atlantic Ocean that strongly influences the climate of the East Coast of the United States and many Western European countries. 1. However, all is not lost as marine reserves around the globe have proven what a remarkable recovery the marine ecosystem can make if given full protection. By the 5th/11th century the Indian Ocean trade had shifted to the ports at the head of the Persian Gulf, in particular K and Hormoz (Ricks, pp. Twin parallel rift valleys that are part of the East African Rift System run through the region. WWF also facilitated the organization of local fishing communities and helped build their capacity to combat illegal fishing, create alternative sources of income, and implement environmental education programs. Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. The Agulhas Current(/ls/) is the western boundary currentof the southwest Indian Ocean. For all its richness, the region also has some of the highest rates of people living below the poverty line on the planet. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. We also provide tools to reduce conflict with wildlife. Manda had close trading connections with the Persian Gulfwith Srf in particular. KHALED DESOUKI/AFP/Getty Images. Overfishing, coastal development, pollution, the unknown consequences of climate change, and more immediate effects of shark finning and manta ray poaching are some of the most threatening concerns. A senior U.S. Navy officer says that his service no longer considers the East Coast of the United States as an "uncontested" area or an automatic "safe haven" for its ships and submarines. Aromatic gums, tortoiseshell, ivory, and slaves were traded in return. We work on sustainable use of natural resources, such as certified timber or fisheries, which also creates incentives for conservation. The use of deterrentsnoise or chili peppershas resulted in a dramatic reduction of conflicts and crop field destruction. Coastal erosion threatens the nesting beaches of marine turtles and harms mangrove forestswhich are already being battered from increased storm surges, and vulnerable to future sea level rise. This includes: - 3,000 species of molluscs - 1,500 species of fish - 1,000 species of seaweed On the east coast of Africaat the western edge of the Indian Oceanlies a narrow strip of land that has hosted travelers for thousands of years. Portugal's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the Arabs. Such trade goods as they obtained from the interior were apparently bought by barter at the coast. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Among these languages are Kikuyu, Luhya, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kisukuma, Luganda and many others. 08/22/2019. 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