Samuel is ever faithful to his consecrated responsibilities at Shiloh and eventually becomes one of Israels greatest spiritual leaders. In short, this study adopts the perspective of the eminent historian Alan Heimert: To discover the meaning of any utterance demands what is in substance a continuing act of literary interpretation, for the language with which an idea is presented, and the imaginative universe by which it is surrounded, often tell us more of an authors meaning and intention than his declarative propositions.5 While it may not be possible to determine with complete certainty the authors specific purposes for crafting this account, there is great value in making an attempt.6 To this end, the present literary analysis of 1 Samuel 13 is based on the following general premises.7. WebThe boy Samuel grew up in the service of the LORD. . And the Lord appeared again in Shiloh: for the Lord revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the Lord., Type Scene: Obedience to Gods Call. Broad perspectives, which Alter collectively calls narration, provide the authors commentary and expositionintroduce spatial, social, and temporal contexts and detail the relationship of the particular story to the larger narrative of biblical Israel. The result of the action is usually considered enduring and definitive.32 In short, the text projects that her vow to the Lord will be unequivocal and permanent. 1 Samuel 30. He accuses her of wanton drunkenness, a false assertion that she directly but respectfully corrects. and why is thy heart grieved? 2. WebSamuel Adams was Born in Massachusetts Bay Period: Sep 27, 1722 to Oct 2, 1803. Chapters 13 of 1 Samuel1 describe the miraculous origins and auspicious upbringing of the first major Hebrew prophet since Joshua, who by all measures lived centuries before Samuel.2 The biblical account of Samuels beginnings forecasts the exceptional ministry of the man who served as Israels last complete sovereign. If so, why is he not introduced as such at the outset and why does he play such a passive role in the services at Shiloh? This internal division in Israel is reflected in the person of Samuel, who stood with most Israelites on both sides of the question. Since biblical narrative characteristically catches its protagonists only at the critical and revealing points in their lives, the biblical type-scene occurs not in the rituals of daily existence, but at the crucial junctures in the lives of the heroes, from conception and birth to betrothal to deathbed. Alter, Art, 51; see also Alter, Moses, 64 n.10; 11819 n.11; 315 n.16. Thus, Alter observes, There is a series of recurrent narrative episodes attached to the careers of biblical heroes that . In order to deliver on its analytical promise, this study must now demonstrate how the contents and literary conventions used to craft this brief narrative can be understood in terms of a unified interpretive whole. And Samuel told him every whit, and hid nothing from him (3:1517). Genesis 2428, 38; Ruth 14. While more than one priest could easily officiate at the temple, the fact that the story initially identifies Elis sons as priests of the Lord creates dramatic tensions that become central to the unfolding of the Samuel story. Indications are that they were a group of fanatical religious and national conservatives. Also before they burnt the fat, the priests servant came, and said to the man that sacrificed, Give flesh to roast for the priest; for he will not have sodden flesh of thee, but raw. She is merely the barren co-wife of an obscure Ephraimite. To this end, the following phrases from the song comment on key personalities, events, and circumstances of the larger story of which it is a part.47, Mine horn is exalted in the Lord (2:1). For one, A full gift of her son means not conveying him to the House of the Lord while he still requires his mother, lest he be a burden there; and perfect fulfillment [of her vow] implies not bringing him to the sanctuary so long as it is impossible to leave him there forever, lest she appear to be violating her vow.44 Therefore, the narrators insertion of the seemingly innocuous exchange between Samuels parents in verses2223. So they did in Shiloh unto all the Israelites that came thither. Yet, his roles as prophet, seer, and judge are all incredible in certain respects, apart from the fact that each of them is considerable. Despite his emotional distance from Hannah, Elkanah regularly and routinely worships at Shiloh in a manner that is consistent with the prescriptions of the Mosaic law. . Saul's mother Hannah had prayed to God for a son if granted she would give him to God. For example, Exodus 34; Isaiah 6; Jeremiah 1; Ezekiel 12. . This story does not exhibit the same improbability. Therefore Eli said unto Samuel, Go, lie down: and it shall be, if he call thee, that thou shalt say, Speak, Lord; for thy servant heareth. put away thy wine from thee. Five years before the birth of Jesus, a prophet named Samuel was called by God to prepare the people for the birth of Jesus. And it came to pass, as she continued praying before the Lord, that Eli marked her mouth. While this general biblical pattern exhibits innumerable complexities, variations, nuances, and ambiguities, its consistency spans centuries of the recorded dealings of JHWH with covenant Israel.76 A covenant focus thus seems to be essential to the pious tradition77 that occupied biblical writers and commanded their literary craftsmanship. In this segment, the narrator reinforces Elis neglect of his parental responsibilities with the repeated use of the verb hear(d). Thus, the ambivalent and matter-of-fact introduction of the priests at Shiloh implies that while central to the story of Samuels beginnings, Eli and his sons will play roles that are marginal to or destructive of their high ritual status. By faithfully filling the crucial roles of prophet, priest, and judge, Samuel helped to transform the House of Israel from a collection of weak and often warring tribes to a relatively permanent and somewhat stable nation in the contentious ancient Middle East. See Alter, Art, 88113, for an insightful discussion of Leitwrter. . Indeed, its authors4 meaningful intentions may be revealed more in the accounts rhetorical and poetic than in its documentary qualities. And as he did so year by year, when she went up to the house of the Lord, so she provoked her; therefore she wept, and did not eat. And the Lord called Samuel again the third time. A precise chronology of the writing and redacting of the Hebrew Bible is uncertain, and the account of Samuels birth and calling certainly took shape before the writing of the Christian Gospels. Web(1 Samuel 1:24; 1 Samuel 2:18, 19, 21; 1 Samuel 3:1.) Characterization: Priest and Suppliant. And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left in thine house shall come and crouch to him for a piece of silver and a morsel of bread, and shall say, Put me, I pray thee, into one of the priests offices, that I may eat a piece of bread. Literary scholars generally recognize that biblical writers developed their characters in fundamentally different ways than most modern writers. Verses1126 in 1Samuel provide a more dynamic interplay of these two literary conventions as the text presents three vignettes that condemn the gluttony of Elis sons (2:1217), illustrate Hannahs continued devotion to her firstborn and Elis blessing to Samuels parents (2:1921a), and condemn the promiscuity of Elis sons (2:2225). So the woman went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad. The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), s.v. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Born in Virginia on March 2, 1793, Houston moved to Tennessee with his mother and eight siblings after his father died when he was 13. and why eatest thou not? (1:2028). My heart rejoiceth in the Lord, mine horn is exalted in the Lord: my mouth is enlarged over mine enemies; because I rejoice in thy salvation. The paradigm serves as a frame of reference that allows us to examine each component in the context of the expectations aroused by its parallels in the other stories. Father Augustine Washington (1694-1743) Mother Mary Ball Washington (1708-1789) Brothers Samuel Washington (1734-1781) John Augustine And the word of the LORD was precious in those days; there was no open vision. Characterization: Parents and Children. Between these two vignettes a narrative transition (2:1136) details the divine curse which comes upon Elis house, making way for Samuels auspicious ascendancy. McCarter observes, In certain cases it is clear that the raised horn refers specifically to progeny, hence the possible allusion to Hannah and her firstborn.48. . The segment opens with a brief narrative of Samuels birth and the continuation of the annual devotional at Ramah, punctuated by Hannahs reflection on the childs naming, which is expressed as direct speech.39 The rest of the segment consists of dialogues between Hannah and Elkanah (1:2223) and between Hannah and Eli (1:2628), with a brief narrative bridge uniting the two scenes (1:2425). The ancient designation of the two books of Samuel does not indicate that he is the author (in fact, his death is related in 1 Samuel 25) or the hero of the books; indeed, it is difficult to deduce what the title was intended to mean. We learn of what God says to him only by what he, in turn, says to Eli. However, in the Hebrew Bible, lay/lie with does not always connote illicit sexual relations, for example, Genesis 30:16, and know does not always imply legitimate and covenantal sexual relations, for example, Judges 19:25. Structuring Devices: Exposition. On the other hand, the language of the sons introduction bestows no honor or dignity to their priestly office. WebSignificance. The catalytic event of this narrativeHannahs vow and the Lords favorable responsebegins and ends with the verb zakhor, translated remember. Flashbacks of the The text never has him interact directly with any of Hannahs children, and he speaks with Hannah only when her devotional actions disrupt his traditional ritual routine. Certain words appear in the text in complementary or contrastive parallel throughout the Hebrew Bible in order to comment on the broader interpretive significance of the narrative. Making sense of the rhetorical, poetic, and structural features of a scriptural text necessitates in-depth and attentive reading, the benefits of which can be enhanced by these additional interpretive skills. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: This stage takes place between the ages of 18 months and 3 years Samuels prophecy reinforces much of what the man of God earlier says to Eli but does not repeat any of his specific words and phrases or hint at Samuels awareness of his existence or message. Type scenes. Prior to Samuels birth, Hannah promises to give him to the Lord (1:11). This subtle literary convention repeatedly brings attentive readers back to the central focus of the larger narrative. This response is identical to Abrahams willing acceptance of the Lords calling at the patriarchs great test of faith.67. In this account Samuel is a figure known through all Israel (a term of uncertain meaning at this period); his authority rests on his position as judge. Regarding the poetic qualities of Hannahs song, see McCarter, ISamuel, 6776. In short, the narrative features the delivery of the word of God by the man of God to Eli but the reception by Samuel of the divine message directly from God. While we cannot be sure that the author crafted the Samuel story with such comparisons consciously in mind, the repeated inferred connections with other exemplary vignettes increase the probability of their intentionality. Elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, gada is used in reference to felling trees, particularly groves devoted to the worship of pagan gods, or more generally to destroying anything of value as a consequence of wickedness and as a sign of Gods displeasure (for example, Deuteronomy 7:5; Judges 21:6; 2 Chronicles 14:3; 31:1; Psalms 75:10; 107:16; Isaiah 9:10; 14:12; 15:2; 22:25; 45:2; Jeremiah 48:25; 50:23; Ezekiel 6:6). Now Eli the priest sat upon a seat by a post of the temple of the Lord. While I accept the perspective attributed to Gregory the Great, Scripture grows with its readers, cited by Andre LaCocque and Paul Ricoeur, I contend that the authors first corollary of this positionthe abandonment of the concern . The Bible tells of many significant adults, but only a handful of significant pregnancies. After Samuel is born but before he is weaned, Elkanah invites Hannah to accompany him to Shiloh for the annual observance. He died, and his ghost was evoked by a necromancer, or sorceress, at the request of Saul; he then announced a third time the rejection of Saul (chapter 28). 1113. The story of Samuels birth and calling is one of many contributions to this core ideological focus of the Hebrew Bible. From the simplest and most direct perspective, the story of Samuels birth and calling can be best understood in covenant terms. On the use of exposition as a literary convention, see Meir Sternberg, Expositional Modes and Temporal Ordering in Fiction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). Updates? JPS Tanakh 1917 Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In the pro-monarchic account of the rise of Saul, Samuel is an obscure village seer (with distinct evidence of occult practices). And the Lord called yet again, Samuel. WebSamuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 April 21, 1910), known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer.He was praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced", and William Faulkner called him "the father of American literature". The institution of the monarchy and the election of the king occur according to the will of Yahweh as revealed to Samuel. Flashbacks of the All authors, even documentary historians, exercise considerable latitude in crafting their literary creations. And they slew a bullock, and brought the child to Eli. 53. Gender: Female. David had been shuffled off to his fathers fields to work as a shepherd boy. The key points relevant to the present study are that (1)type scenes are a common literary convention of the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, (2)1Samuel 13 shows abundant evidence of the likely intentional use of this convention, and (3)type scenes enhance considerably the spiritual significance of the Samuel account. (Read More) Topics and verses are auto-generated from user searches. For this child I prayed; and the Lord hath given me my petition which I asked of him: Therefore also I have lent him to the Lord; as long as he liveth he shall be lent to the Lord. While some linkages may be incidental, most scholars recognize that an authors intentional linkages create a phenomenon that Adele Berlin, following Paul Werth, calls poetic effect, which she defines as the result of an interaction between verbal form and meaning. Adele Berlin, The Dynamics of Biblical Parallelism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 10. By contrast, characters in the Hebrew Bible are crafted primarily to serve the texts central ideological purposes. 78. Notwithstanding they hearkened not unto the voice of their father, because the Lord would slay them. . These details may explain why the man of God specifically refers to Pharaohs house in his condemnation of the house of Eli (2:27). To keep readers focused on the storys central purpose, the narrator adds a bit of narrative commentary on Samuels faithful service before and after each vignette (2:11b, 18, 21b, 26). Characterization: Husband and Wife. witnessed the birth of its most famous son. The possibility of a covenant perspective, however, cannot be denied and may be profoundly appreciated as we seek to plumb the depths of this remarkable text. On the one hand, Hannah can neither eat the worthy portion herself (because she is fasting in bitterness of soul, see 1:10) nor share it with her children (of which she has none, which is precisely the cause of her grief and the central spiritual crisis of the story). 1. 25. . It is noteworthy that Gods first message to Samuel is a prophecy of doom. of Samuel There must have been some reason why Samuel was important enough to be remembered for a major role in the establishment of the monarchy. The pathways involved in the development of metabolic dysfunction across generations in the context of childhood 20. 61. enduring patiently the persistent provocations of her sister wife and the insensitive entreaties of her husband (1:68, 2123); consistently referring to herself in relation to others by the subordinate term, responding directly but respectfully to Elis false accusations and later reminding him of who she is when she comes to make good on her vow (1:1216, 2628); and. The aim of this study is to assess, by means of a smartphone attached to a turntable, whether there is an alteration in the perception of verticality in children aged 7 to 10, with history of premature birth. The Amalekites are destroyed by David and his men. 46. Leitwrter: know and lie with. Samuels principal role is to realize his divine destiny for all Israel (3:14:1a). In biblical Hebrew, shael has a double meaning: to request and to lend. It seems that there was a firm tradition of a split between the two men but an inexact memory of the details. As a child, Samuel, heard from God that he was going to be a prophet and judge in Israel. McCarter, I Samuel, 59 n.3, mentions that both sons names are Egyptian in origin and that Elis lineage traced its right to the priesthood back to Moses. Characterization: Husband and Wife. is conceived almost entirely as verbal intercourse, with the assumption that what is significant about a character, at least for a particular narrative juncture, can be manifested almost entirely in the characters speech. Alter, Art, 88. He spent his adolescence across the country, removed from all hed known as a child, raised by a stepfather who he felt no connection to. WebThe birth of Samuel was of great significance as it was a sign that Hannah's prayers had been answered. Given the customary role for dialogue in biblical Hebrew, it is entirely appropriate that the second half of the Samuel story (2:274:1a) is recounted almost exclusively in dialogue. And she was in bitterness of soul, and prayed unto the Lord, and wept sore. continuing to nurture her firstborn throughout his youth, even though she sees him but once a year (2:1819). 52. What is the thing that the Lord hath said unto thee? Therefore, while intended as an expression of generosity, the offering reveals Elkanahs insensitivity, at the very least, to the storys central crisis and may actually be insulting to Hannah. The present study illustrates the extent to which the authors, editors, and redactors of 1Samuel13 employed in a systematic and complementary manner a variety of literary conventions for a central ideological endshowing Gods commitment to preserve his ancient covenant with Israel, even at inopportune times and through obscure persons. Samuel thus appears as a leader in all Israel; his leadership is exercised in war and law, but his authority is basically religious, mostly prophetic, although with some features of priestly authority. Lenn J. Schramm (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), 5172. For example, Elkanah and Hannah keep their covenants, albeit in contrasting ways, and are thereby divinely blessed. 1807 Houston's mother moves the family to eastern Tennessee. All other textual details and literary conventions of the account systematically support a covenant perspective in the following central ways. Talk no more so exceeding proudly; let not arrogancy come out of your mouth: for the Lord is a God of knowledge, and by him actions are weighed. Infertility brought severe disgrace to a woman because in those days it meant she could not fulfill her God-given purpose of producing offspring for her family. Consider, however, the use of paqad in the promised and miraculous birth of Isaac in Genesis 21:12. . The few defining details of characterbehavior, actions, qualities, dialogue, and physical appearance that flesh out proleptic portraits,74 whether individually or in pairsreveal individuals varied relationships with one another and with God, as mediated by their sacred covenants. Eli possesses great spiritual status, being the ritual official of the temple at Shiloh, a hereditary position that his family had held for generations (see 2:2728). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. While the abundant use of this tiny word in the Hebrew Bible may cause some readers to infer a lack of literary sophistication, Alter observes that biblical narrators used waw to great rhetorical effect: [Biblical] narratives were composed to be heard, not merely to be decoded by a readers eye. Birth Country: United Kingdom. . If not, they encounter a host of temporal and spiritual difficulties, including imprisonment, overthrow, civil unrest, dynastic collapse, divine rejection, and physical debility. WebThere, the prophet Samuel is born to a previously barren woman, and he is dedicated from a young age to serve in the Temple. 72. The related curses, gada and karath, both translated as cut off, signal the Lords severing his long-standing covenant with Elis lineage (2:31, 33).70. However, Sternberg, Poetics, 32528, eloquently qualifies Alters perspective. . 70. . See also Allen Verhey, Remember, Remembrance, in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:66769; McCarter, ISamuel, 62 n.19; Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996), 526; and Alter, Moses, 385 n.3. Then Eli called Samuel, and said, . And all Israel from Dan even to Beer-sheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord. 62. Role. 29. On the occasion of their final interaction, Eli blesses Samuels parentsthe Lord give thee seed of this woman for the loan which is lent to the Lordusing the same verbs, nathan (give) and shael (lend), which define Hannahs initial offering of Samuel to the Lord. Regarding Sarah, the paragon in this set of related character types, Alter, Moses, 101 n.18, explicates the exquisite craftsmanship of the relevant passage in Genesis that immediately precedes Isaacs birth. 1806 Houston's father, Major Samuel Houston, dies. Examination discloses that this is still another account of Sauls rise without an anointing story; Saul is chosen king as the judgesthe leaders of the Israelites during their conquest of the land of Canaanwere chosen, by a charismatic display of military courage and leadership. Robert Longley. . The present study acknowledges but does not address the numerous historiographical issues related to 1 Samuel 13. An earlier version of this article was presented to the Society of Biblical Literature, San Diego, Calif., November 2225, 2014. Commenting on Elis deficiencies, McCarter, I Samuel, 100, observes, It is time for the apprentice to replace the master. And it came to pass at that time, when Eli was laid down in his place, and his eyes began to wax dim, that he could not see; And ere the lamp of God went out in the temple of the Lord, where the ark of God was, and Samuel was laid down to sleep; That the Lord called Samuel: and he answered, Here am I. Characterization: Father and Sons. . By contrast, Eli and his sons turn from their covenant obligations in multiple ways and are consequently eternally cursed. According to the account, Elkanah loves Hannah, favors her with a worthy portion of the ceremonial offering, and is her partner in the conception of Samuel; nevertheless, he leads out in and is concerned with no other family roles than performing the annual ceremonial requirements of the Mosaic law and providing for the familys material support. The Hebrew Bible exemplifies many different types of parallelismtoo numerous and complex to summarize here. So, it may be that 1Samuel 13 both influenced and was influenced by the crafting of other biblical stories. They became so angry with Samuel that they threw him out of their city. Once additional characters enter the story, readers become aware of its first type scene: the barren wife. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. See Alter, Art, 6387. The story of Samuels birth and calling concludes with a general reference to his continuing growth in the knowledge of God (see 3:7, 21). It is quite unlikely that either the powers of the king or the prerogatives of the priest were as closely defined as this in the early period. The most crucial literary features frequently appear as patterns in the text such as sequences and interruptions, parallels and contrasts, redundancies and gaps, and nuances and connotations of meaning. Genesis 16:5; 18:915; 21:15; 25:21; 29:31. 67. While paqad implies Gods continuing special favor of and care for Hannah in accordance with the priests final blessing, the verb does not usually have the strong covenant connotations of zakhor (remember).59. 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